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The Book of Odes, also known as Biblical Odes, consists of hymns, prayers, and poetry. It is used in the liturgy of some Christian traditions, particularly Eastern Orthodoxy. The standard collection has 14 lyric poems or “odes,” though some editions include additional texts. Worshipers in the Eastern Orthodox tradition commonly sing the texts found in the Book of Odes during their morning prayers, known as “matins”—a Latin word meaning “morning”—but they are also used in other church services.
The compilation of the Book of Odes dates to the third century AD, though the biblical texts within it are quoted from the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Old Testament from the third century BC. Thus, the biblical texts in the Book of Odes are based on manuscripts much older than the third century. In addition to select Old and New Testament passages, the book includes texts from the Apocrypha—non-biblical Jewish writings from 200 to 100 BC that most Protestant traditions don’t consider divinely inspired.
The texts in the Book of Odes are not arranged in chronological order based on their historical setting or their date of composition. Nor are they in canonical order—the sequence found in the Old and New Testaments. Some historians speculate that the collection may be arranged according to topical themes used in early church liturgies. Ultimately, the rationale behind the order of the odes is unknown.
The first six texts in the Book of Odes are passages from the Old Testament. The opening odes are from the writings of Moses. The first is called the Song of the Sea and consists of Exodus 15:1–19. The second is called the Song of Moses and consists of Deuteronomy 32:1–43. The next four odes are prayers from the Bible—one from the historical section of the Old Testament and three from the prophetic literature. These are the Prayer of Hannah, the mother of Samuel (1 Samuel 2:1–10), the Prayer of Habakkuk (Habakkuk 3:2–19), the Prayer of Isaiah (Isaiah 26:9–20), and the Prayer of Jonah (Jonah 2:3–10). Those who use the Book of Odes in worship sing these biblical passages word for word.
The next two texts in the Book of Odes come from the Apocrypha. They are the Prayer of Azariah (Daniel 3:26–45) and the Song of the Three Young Men (Daniel 3:52–90). Although Daniel is part of the Old Testament, these two passages were added to the Septuagint’s version of the book hundreds of years after Daniel’s composition. Most Protestants don’t consider these passages divinely inspired as they are part of the Apocrypha.
The next odes in the book come from the Gospel of Luke. The first is the Canticle of Mary, traditionally called The Magnificat (Luke 1:46–55). In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, it is known as the Prayer of Mary the Theotokos—“the Mother of God.” The second is called the Canticle of Zechariah, traditionally known as the Benedictus, meaning “a hymn of blessing” (Luke 1:68–79).
The next two texts come from the Book of Isaiah. They are The Song of the Vineyard: A Canticle of Isaiah (Isaiah 5:1–7) and the Prayer of Hezekiah (Isaiah 38:10–20).
Of the last three odes, first are prayers: the apocryphal Prayer of Manasseh, king of Judah, when he was held captive in Babylon, and the biblical Prayer of Simeon (Luke 2:29–32). The last ode is called Gloria in Excelsis Deo—i.e., “Glory to God in the Highest.” It is part of a hymn called the Canticle of the Early Morning, which combines text from Luke 2:14 and Psalms 35:10–11, 118:12, and 144:2.
The Book of Odes reflects the desire of some historical and modern Christian traditions to use biblical and Apocryphal texts in worshiping Jesus Christ through song.
